The analytical review presents the data of international medical literature on using biological cardiac markers in diagnostics, prognosis, cardiovascular risk stratification, therapy targeting and monitoring of treatment effectiveness in patients with coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This review details the general characteristics, biological and pathophysiological roles, and clinical value of biomarkers of lipoprotein transport and metabolism, inflammation, myocardial injury and fibrosis, myocardial stress, and gut microbiota. The search of scientific publications and fundamental studies on biological markers implementation for coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure is carried out in CyberLeninka and eLIBRARY.RU electronic libraries and PubMed, Medline, Medscape, Google Scholar databases with a search depth of 10 years.

Adaptation is a complex process of adjustment to a new environment outside home and away from parents. The article studies three main ways of disadaptation syndrome prevention in preschool children. These include measures to prepare for the admission of an early age child and prediction of adaptation difficulties, day schedule and rest regime organization, as well as health monitoring and correction of identified disorders. The form of a child’s adaptation depends on many factors, such as the residual-organic background, the child’s cognitive abilities, skills, psycho-emotional state, as well as on the behavior of parents, their active participation in the upbringing and preparation of the child for staying and learning among other children. In this regard, the joint role of medical workers and teachers in the timely detection of early childhood health disorders and their correction is important. The search for scientific literature and analysis of articles is carried out in Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus and RINC databases with a search depth of 5 years. The purpose of the literature review is to study the factors influencing the adaptation of young children in preschool educational institutions, as well as effective measures to prevent disadaptation syndrome.

The aim is to systematize clinical studies to identify the most significant predictors of adverse outcomes in acute lower respiratory tract infections in children caused by common pathogens. Analytical review of scientific literature is carried out in PubMed, Global Health and RINC databases examining the past 10 years (2014–2024). The analysis considers cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, as well as clinical reports. Adverse outcomes include: the need for oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, hospitalization with a stay in intensive care units, long-term inpatient treatment (over 5 days) and mortality. Key findings:
1. The underlying conditions that predispose to a complicated course of respiratory syncytial virus infection, Influenza, metapneumovirus and COVID-19 have been established. These conditions include chronic comorbidities (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, nutritional deficiencies, anaemia); congenital malformations of the heart; prematurity; Down syndrome; being under 1 year of age, as well as mucoviscidosis, vitamin D deficiency as significant risk factors for children under 5 years with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.
2. Analysis by age group reveals high-risk groups, particularly vulnerable to the development of severe infections. This highlights the need for priority prevention (including vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus infection and influenza) and early diagnosis to minimise negative outcomes. The analysis highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to prevent serious complications in acute respiratory infections in children.

The aim is to conduct a comparative assessment of the diagnostic significance of the MELD and MELD-Na scores in alcoholic liver disease with standard care from the point of view of practical significance and assessment of the prospects for patient management. An analysis of the mortality risks is carried out based on a comparison of the values of the MELD and MELD-Na scores before and after standard care of alcoholic liver disease (alcoholic hepatitis) in 42 patients. These were 31 men aged 44.0+7.4 years and 11 women aged 48.
0+8.6 years. It is revealed that it is most reasonable to use the MELD-Na score to assess the mortality risks and the severity of hepatism in patients with alcoholic liver disease. This score allows to accurately assess medium and high initial mortality risks (76 and 52% for MELD-Na and MELD, respectively) before standard care and to show more significant care results compared to MELD. These results show statistically more significant regression of mortality risks (93 and 31%, respectively) and overall better final treatment results (100 and 38%, respectively).

The article presents the survey results of 97 practicing phlebologists, vascular surgeons, general surgeons, ultrasound/functional diagnosticians and specialists in X-ray endovascular diagnostics and treatment on tactical approaches to non-thermal non-tumescent methods of varicose disease treatment.

The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic efficiency of dual-energy computed tomography in the diagnosis of gout, including different stages of the disease. The study includs 91 patients with suspected gout, who underwent feet scanning including ankle areas. Dual-energy computed tomography showed high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (88.5%, 86.6% and 87.9%, respectively). Depending on the course of the disease, dual-energy computed tomography shows a tendency to decrease sensitivity at the onset of the disease (73.6%), whereas at a longer duration of the disease, the sensitivity is high (95%).

The aim of the article is to characterize a rare clinical case of giant keratoacanthoma. We present a clinical observation of this precancerous skin growth. Keratoacanthoma, a rapidly growing, benign skin tumor, may transform into squamous cell skin cancer, necessitating prompt, precise diagnosis and treatment. The unusual nature of this clinical case stems from its infrequent occurrence and sparse documentation. The given observation illustrates the necessity of early diagnosis of the disease and the importance of timely and correct prescription of therapy. The article indicates the importance of continuity in the treatment of epithelial skin neoplasms.

Obstetric hemorrhage, hypertensive disorder, septic complications are among prime reasons for maternal morbidity and mortality. At the same time, one disease may be a potential contributor to the development of another complication. Therefore, endovascular uterine artery embolization, an effective modern method of treatment of postpartum hemorrhage, in association with other factors, including comorbid medical pathology, may contribute to the development of aseptic inflammation – uterine necrosis – and potentially threaten the health and life of the woman. The analysis of a clinical case of a near-miss patient with comorbid obstetric and medical pathology after obstetric hemorrhage and uterine artery embolization revealed the possible causes of uterine necrosis and the complexity of its diagnosis.

Uniparental disomy is an anomaly where both homologous chromosomes are inherited from the same parent. The pathological effects of this anomaly are associated with imprinting disorders and loss of heterozygosity. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as simple sequence repeats analysis and chromosomal microarray analysis, have limitations in diagnosing the anomaly in single-parent households and mosaic cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential effectiveness of a diagnostic method for uniparental disomy and imprinting disorders based on DNA methylation profiling using next-generation sequencing data. In particular, a genomic DNA bank sample preparation was modified using the methyl-dependent endonuclease GlaI in combination with the restriction endonuclease Bst2UI to improve its informativeness. In addition, bioinformatic analysis algorithm was developed. The method was tested on a clinical case of maternal reciprocal translocation (3;19)(q12;q13.3) with suspected segmental uniparental disomy in the proband. Modification of the bank sample preparation protocol provided the coverage of approximately 5 million methylation sites. Bioinformatic analysis included definition of methylation status in clinically significant imprinting control regions and the search for regions of homozygosity. The method enabled the coverage of 2/3 of potential imprinting control regions. No signs of uniparental disomy were found in the proband, which is consistent with the results of chromosomal microarray analysis. Although the approach represents a cost-effective alternative to genomewide bisulfite sequencing, problems with normalizing the relative methylation levels remain. Further validation of biologically developed method on confirmed uniparental disomy cases is planned to definitively assess itssuitability for identifying anomalies.

The objective is to evaluate changes in the functional state and adaptation potential of the cardiovascular system at the second stage of rehabilitation after cerebral infarction. We examined and treated 66 patients aged 41 to 83 years. Holter ECG and blood pressure monitoring were performed on the 1st and 10th day of rehabilitation treatment. The rehabilitation programme included 10 daily physiotherapeutic procedures. We evaluated the effectiveness of the rehabilitation measures, considering the integral assessment indices of the cardiovascular system’s functional state. The obtained results show that the use of the integral assessment indices of the functional state to evaluate the functional state of the cardiovascular system in the course of rehabilitation measures after brain infarction is valid and pathogenetically justified. There is a distinct tendency of positive dynamics of the functioning values and increase in the cardiovascular system adaptation potential that confirms the effectiveness of the conducted rehabilitation measures. Women showed better dynamics of the circulatory system functioning values compared to men. The assessment methods used can serve as a way to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation in post-stroke patients.

Early diagnosis of cardiovascular system disorders in young adults is an important prognostic measure for assessing and preserving the adaptation reserves of the organism. Photoplethysmography based on determination of blood volume in the microvascular bed is a modern, widely used express method of screening diagnostics for vascular health. The contour analysis of photoplethysmogram and some components of haemodynamics in students studying in three universities of Tyumen Oblast are assessed. Sex and regional peculiarities of vessel wall state of students have been determined. It is shown that the examined young male students studying in University of Tyumen and Yugra State University had a high level of systolic blood pressure quite frequently, as well as the ambulatory arterial stiffness index exceeding the normative values (52% of young men and 28% of young
women among all examined students of Yugra State University). The data obtained as a result of the analysis of students living and studying in different cities of the Tyumen Oblast can be used to determine the risks of cardiovascular disorders based on a set of parameters of the vessel wall condition. The data can also be used to develop algorithms for cardiovascular disorders prognosis and their timely prevention.