The study aims to assess the possibilities of pelvic floor anatomy ultrasound diagnosis in parous and nulliparous women as one of the methods for determining the functional state of the pelvic muscles. Foreign and domestic articles on the issue, published in PubMed and eLIBRARY databases in 2012–2022, were analyzed. Being an accessible, common, and inexpensive method with clear generally accepted criteria, ultrasound diagnosis with
loading tests allows for accurate diagnosis and early rehabilitation, despite the absence of a detailed clinical picture of pelvic floor muscle insufficiency. There was a significant correlation between the occurrence of this pathology
and natural delivery, particularly in cases with artificial delivery with forceps, a significant newborn’s head circumference, and concomitant ruptures and injuries.

The study aims to generalize and systematize modern instrumental methods for assessing the fetus conditions during labor based on the scientific literature from the Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, and RISC. It was found that combination of the main and additional methods for assessing the fetus conditions during labor improves significantly the diagnosis of fetal hypoxia, while the blood analysis from the fetus scalp is an efficient additional diagnosing method for fetal hypoxia during labor.

The study aims to analyze the possibilities of multispiral computed tomography in diagnosing acute thoracic surgical complications in COVID-19. The most common acute thoracic surgical complications were detected
in the study of multispiral computed tomography data of 93 patients (57 men and 36 women aged 31 to 89 years), who underwent treatment in 2020–2022, with confirmed coronavirus infection complicated by acute surgical pathology. The complications include spontaneous pneumothorax (38.2 %, n = 34), pleural empyema (31.4 %, n = 28), lung abscess (28.0 %, n = 25), pneumomediastinum (6.7 %, n = 6), and various combinations of all
these complications (16.1 %, n = 15). It has been established that multispiral computed tomography is the most informative radiology method both in diagnosing and in determining the tactics of treating the pathology in
question.

The study aims to discuss the possibilities of standard fluoroscopy and radiography in diagnosing a hiatal hernia and its complications. Fluoroscopy and radiography were performed on 147 patients with hiatal hernias. At first, the posterior mediastinum was examined to detect fixed hiatal hernias. Then, a barium swallow test was performed. 142 (96.6 %) patients were diagnosed with sliding hiatal hernias, with 97 (68.3 %) patients having non-fixed hiatal hernias. Fixed hernias with cicatricial shortening of the esophagus were observed in 45 (31.7 %) patients. 23 (16.2 %) patients had axial hiatal hernias and concomitant esophageal cancer in 11 (7.7 %) patients or gastric cancer – in 12 (8.5 %) patients. In 103 (70 %) patients, hiatal hernias were associated with gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis, and additionally with esophagospasm in 89 (60.5 %) patients. Patients with complications of
hiatal hernias required surgery.

The study aims to improve the outcomes of surgical treatment for patients with colon and rectum pathology by using an enhanced recovery program. A retrospective, single-center, non-randomized analysis of the treatment results of 122 patients who underwent elective and emergency colon and rectal surgery was carried out. Patients were divided into two groups: the main group, which included 66 (54.1 %) patients who underwent enhanced
recovery program-based surgery in 2020–2021, and the control group, which included 56 (45.9 %) patients who underwent conventional surgery in 2012–2015. The main criteria for comparing the performance were the
post-surgery recovery time of the intestines’ functional activity, particularly the time of the peristalsis appearance, the gases output, and the first stool, the number and type of complications, as well as the duration of in-patient treatment. Clinical practice demonstrated significant improvements when using the enhanced recovery protocol for patients after colon and rectal surgeries: accelerated recovery of the intestines’ motor-evacuation function, reduction of the number and severity of post-surgical complications from 30.4 % to 9.1 %, resulting in a faster in-patient recovery from 16.3 ± 9.4 to 9.4 ± 4.2 days.

The study aims to analyze the features of fetal motor activity and afterbirths’ common pathomorphological differences in women with early and late preeclampsia living in areas equated to the conditions of the Far North (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Ugra). The study examined 385 labor cases of patients who were classified as follows: 131 patients with early onset of preeclampsia (up to 34 weeks), 144 patients with late onset of preeclampsia (after 34 weeks), and 110 apparently healthy patients with the physiological course of pregnancy. The analysis of fetal motor activity and morphological studies of the afterbirths was carried out. When applying
subjective and objective fetal movements counting methods, patients with early preeclampsia had statistically significantly lower fetal motor activity and more cases of chorionic villous maturation disorder, chorangiosis, myocardial
infarctions, and placental pseudoinfarctions. Ascending infection of the placenta prevails in both early and late-onset preeclampsia.

The study aims to determine the main directions of the concept of a comprehensive clinical and epidemiological study of malformations in children living on the territory of one of the centers of the chemical industry
of the Siberian Federal District in order to improve a multi–level program for their prevention. A comprehensive retrospective analytical study of the results of the Omsk long-term monitoring of all cases of malformations in children
and fetuses was conducted, as well as an analysis of domestic and foreign literature on terminology, classification, epidemiology, and prevention of a wide range of congenital malformations. The analytical review revealed numerous aspects of the problem of congenital malformations, ranging from issues of terminology, classification, and registration to the lack of comprehensive, region-oriented, and personalized strategies for their prevention. The authors present the main aspects of the multidisciplinary problem of congenital malformations and offer solutions. The importance of primary prevention of malformations is emphasized, as is the interaction of pediatricians with geneticists, epidemiologists, hygienists, and teachers in children’s educational institutions.

The study aims to examine the epidemiological, etiological, and clinical features of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children living in Nizhny Novgorod. A retrospective analysis of 49 children with gastrointestinal salmonellosis who received treatment in the Infectious Hospital No. 23 in Nizhny Novgorod was conducted. Database was compiled via clinical and laboratory diagnosing methods to assess the age of the patients, the duration of the disease upon admission to the hospital, the results of physical examination and laboratory tests using statistical methods. Most children were 3 years old or older (71.4 %) and admitted in 2–3 days after the onset of the disease (77.6 %). The most common infectious agent was serovar S. enteritidis D (84.8 %), while every 2nd child (46.9 %) had a mixed infection. The severity of the disease was mostly moderate (93.9 %) with the presence of intoxication (87.8 %), febrile fever (65.3 %), abdominal pain syndrome (93.8 %), repeating vomiting (57.7 %). Half of the patients developed grade I exicosis (53 %). Gastrointestinal symptoms were often combined with leukocyturia (49 %). The fecal culture test was highly informative for verification of specific bacterial agent. Long-term germ fecal excretion was detected in 12.2 % of patients, mostly in children under the age of 3 years (83.3 %). The study provides etiological, clinical and epidemiological features of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children living in Nizhny Novgorod.

The study aims to present the diagnosis and treatment results of a case of Papillon–Lefevre syndrome. A clinical observation of Papillon–Lefevre syndrome, one of the genetic cornification disorders, is described. Clinical and anamnestic data, the results of examination and therapy are presented. The patient diagnosed with genetic keratoderma, which was affecting her life quality due to the severity of clinical manifestations and dental disorders, was being observed. The patient was unable to receive comprehensive therapy for an extended period of time due to her pregnancy and lactation. After her reproductive period was over, the patient was given a course of systemic acitretin therapy with a significant positive effect. The study proves the importance of early diagnosis and pathogenetic treatment.

The study aims to determine the genetic determinants related to chronic and acute coronary syndromes, associated with both the adverse prognosis and the fewer complications of cardiovascular diseases, the variants of modern genetic risk scales that allow improving the prognosis methods for risk of adverse outcomes (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, acute cerebrovascular accident) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Most of the traditionally assessed risk factors, such as blood pressure, smoking, and physical activity levels, are variable, while genetic determinants remain constant throughout life, which provides new prospects in risk-factor assessment and the development of reducing methods for risk of adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. There is no unified approach to the use of genetic scales in practice, despite the established associations of some determinants with the outcome of acute and chronic coronary syndromes.

The study aims to present a modern view on psychogenic stress-dependent factors and mechanisms of menstrual disorder development. 94 scientific works were selected from PubMed and Web of Science, as well as the Higher Attestation Commission and RISC journals to analyze the problem of chronic menstrual disorders caused by the presence of psychogenic stress-dependent factors, associated with living conditions, and metabolic disorders, in particular, obesity and coronavirus infection. Unfavorable environmental factors influence the development of neuroendocrine syndromes and menstrual disorders in women via changes in the psychogenic state, activation of the sympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system, disorders of neuroendocrine regulation, and other mechanisms. This results in the development of metabolic disorders, menstrual disorders, and immunodeficiency, which determine the infectious process characteristics.

The study aims to investigate the relation between cognitive impairments and neurospecific S100β protein in HIV patients. The quantitative content of the neurospecific S100β protein in the blood of 20 patients with HIV infection was determined using the Montreal scale (MoCa test). In all cases, HIV patients with cognitive impairment had an elevated level of S100β, while in some cases, patients with an increased level of the S100β protein did not suffer from cognitive decline. S100β may be a marker of central nervous system damage causing cognitive decline, but it is not clear whether elevated levels of S100β can be a predictor of future cognitive deficiency.

The study aims to analyze furocoumarin extracts isolated from poison hemlock cell culture influencing the correction of cisplatin-caused cytostatic myelosuppression. The experiments were carried out on 160 CD1 female mice weighing 18–25 g. Cytostatic myelosuppression was simulated by administering cisplatin intraperitoneally once at a maximum tolerated dose of 10 mg/kg. The control group received physiological saline injections.
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture extract was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg to prevent the development of disorders. 4 mg/kg of Warfarin Nycomed was used for comparison examination. The correctors
were administered intragastrically on the sixth day after cisplatin injected for four days. The indicators were examined on the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 30th days following the administration of cisplatin. The bone
marrow and peripheral blood values were examined using the standard method. Statistical analysis was carried out using Stat Plus Pro (build 7.3.0.0). Under conditions of cytostatic myelosuppression caused by the administration of 10 mg/kg (maximum tolerated dose) of cisplatin, the use of the poison hemlock cell culture extract contributes to the restoration of myeloid and erythroid hematopoietic germs, as well as the normalization of bone marrow and peripheral blood values. With increase in the number of mature neutrophils and lymphocytes, erythroblasts, and normoblasts, the total number of myelokaryocytes increased. The content of erythrocytes and leukocytes increased in the peripheral blood as the number of segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes increased. The dynamics of hematopoietic
sprout recovery with poison hemlock cell culture extract are similar to those of Warfarin.