The study aims to generalize and systematize information obtained from the literature of 10 years from the MEDLINE, PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, and RISC databases about additional markers of glycemic control in gestational
diabetes mellitus for evaluation of its effectiveness and treatment correction. The review article included 22 literature sources out of 156 analyzed publications on the issue. There is not enough research available on such markers as fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1.5-anhydroglucitol. Therefore, it is required to study and implement them into practice further on in order to optimize the treatment and manage pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus.

The study aims to assess the prescribed etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy regimen for coronavirus infection (COVID-19) taking into account the category of patients with comorbidities. Therefore, the literature including all temporary methodical guidelines on prevention, diagnosing, and treatment of COVID-19 and consensus minutes on the issue of acute COVID-19 treatment were analyzed. The literature for searched for in eLibrary, PubMed, CyberLeninka, and Google Academia databases for the last 10 years. The positive and negative effects of pharmacotherapy leading to the search for a new treatment regimen were assessed via the analysis of changing therapy regimen in terms of the data on their effectiveness and probable collateral damage and treatment of patients with comorbidities.

The study reviews the literature using the eLIBRARY.RU, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases. The review covers such issues as the treatment of patients with liver injury with high mortality rate, trends in global practice, and possibility to change the treatment strategies and their correction considering the state of hemodynamics, hepatic parenchimatous damage rate, collateral damage rate, and appropriate type of conservative therapy, including X-ray endovascular methods or indications for surgical interventions.

The study analyzes the findings of 7-year-old scientific publications from PubMed, MEDLINE, Science-Direct, and eLIBRARY databases on myocardial geometry changes following pacemaker implantation and its effect
on the heart structure and functionality. The relevance of the issue arises from insufficient information on the effect of constant electrostimulation of the right ventricle on the myocardium and a necessity for more in-depth research and the development of advanced treatment strategies for patients with arrhythmia.

The study presents findings of extended ultrasound examination of a maxillofacial area in 62 patients with craniofacial macrosomia. It was used to detect abnormalities in patients’ ultrasound anatomy and to apply topographic anatomy option in order to advance the methodology of examination and planning for surgical procedures, namely auricle reconstruction. The following findings were detected throughout the ultrasound examination: 7 patients with a total aplasia of parotid salivary gland in a normal structure and size of salivary gland on the damaged side; all patients with a normal structure and size of submandibular salivary gland on the damaged side; and 25 patients with anatomic landmarks for auricle reconstruction using a carcass of costal cartilage autograft.
An ultrasound examination of head and neck, particularly the temporal, parotid-masticatory and temporal areas on both sides, the masticatory and temporal muscles, the temporal fascia, the large salivary glands, the vessels of the temporal areas, is required for formation of unbiased assessment of the state of maxillofacial area in patients, as well as further systematization of results for detection of correlation with apparently healthy children. Based on an ultrasound examination of topographic anatomy of temporal area, a method for detection of optimal location for auricle reconstruction in patients with craniofacial macrosomia is found relevant and accessible.

The study presents age-related changes in mineral density of a lumbosacral spine in 240 female residents of Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Ugra, who underwent an examination of their bone tissue with quantitative computed tomography in Surgut City  Clinical Hospital in 2021. It is determined that there is a 55, 25, 10, and 7.5 % negative trend in an indicator of norm at the ages of 40, 50, 60, and 70, respectively, with the probability of osteopenia development and a statistically significant risk of osteoporosis development, especially after the age of 70. Osteoporosis is diagnosed in every third 51–60 y. o. female, almost in every second by the age of 61–70 (45 %), and in 82.5 % of patients after the age of 71.

The article presents a new model of the process of invasive thyroid interventions performed under sonographic navigation on an outpatient basis following standard algorithm of operation for each member of the technological process: a surgeon, an ultrasound doctor, and a nurse. The algorithm is managed by a checklist in a form of a unified questionnaire with sequential steps for all team members, namely from laying the patient on the operating table until the end of the procedure. With the algorithm implemented, it is possible to significantly minimize the risk of development of perioperative and postoperative complications, as well as improve the efficiency of internal quality control and safety of medical care.

The article presents a case of diagnosing and treatment of a patient with necrotizing soft tissue infection of the right upper limb with immunodeficiency on HIV infection that progressed to AIDS stage. No typical clinical and laboratory indicators in patients with compromised immunity being found at the consultation may result in late diagnosis and delayed proper treatment, as well as in rapidly progressing soft tissue necrosis. All of this substantiates the severity of such patients’ condition and their high mortality rate. Medical officers should be aware of these features in order to attentively provide medical care to patients suffering from soft tissue infections that require surgical interventions.

The study aims to examine modern views of common sepsis markers, new data on their pathophysiological role and significance in determining the severity, efficacy of care, and prognosis of sepsis. The literature was searched for in such information sources as CyberLeninka, PubMed, Nature Pathology, MEDLINE, and PLOS ONE. The search depth was primarily 7–10 years and included only fundamental publications. The keywords used in the study are markers of inflammation and cellular damage, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, and sepsis. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological significance of widely available in clinical practice biomarkers of many diseases, including sepsis, such as lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein, is made possible by the results of numerous recently published research on these markers. The data obtained may provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic significance. At the same time, there is no unambiguous opinion on and understanding of certain markers both in the early diagnosis of sepsis and in the assessment of the severity of its course and prognosis. The absence of differentiated research approaches used for various isoforms of C-reactive protein and the accessibility of modern highly sensitive methods for determining the markers’ level to widespread use are the partial reasons for that, which results in controversial findings about their significance. Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein can portray important processes in a patient’s organism, including those unavailable for assessment via other methods. Therefore, they can help in decision-making in the clinical process, particularly in selecting an adequate and timely antibacterial therapy. The literature data also suggests that more research into the pathophysiologic role of these biomarkers in sepsis and other human diseases using highly sensitive methods is required.

The study aims to identify the main symptoms and features of the clinical manifestations of community-acquired pneumonia in relation to age in 652 hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia confirmed by X-ray in 2014–2019. Coughing (100 %), fever > 37.5 °С (45.3 %), tachycardia (66.8 %), and tachypnea (18 %) were the most prevalent clinical symptoms in children aged 1 to 14. Rapid breathing in children with acute respiratory symptoms, such as wheezing with rale and retraction, is the most significant clinical marker associated with pneumonia. It is statistically significantly associated with hypoxemia, as well as severe hypoxemia (SpO2 < 92 %), which is the most common in children under the age of six.

The study aims to assess the functionality of the cardiovascular system’s condition in athletes with hearing impairment who live in the North region. 22 higher qualification volleyball players (26.42 ± 6.75 y. o.) with hearing impairment who had lived in the North region for at least 10 years participated in the research. Based on 5-min RR intervals measured at rest, the authors examined the functionality of the cardiovascular system’s condition in athletes with hearing impairment. The statistical indicators of RR intervals and indicators of variation heart rate monitoring were evaluated. The study determined the indicators of variation heart rate monitoring and statistical indicators of heart rate variability in athletes with hearing impairment that were defined by increased parasympathetic regulatory effects combined with a moderate increase in ergotropic reactions of regulatory systems on heart rhythm modulation. Due to the centralization of heart rhythm management, intense physical activity causes a moderate tension of autonomic regulation mechanisms in some volleyball players with hearing impairment.